干尖线虫病对不同水稻品种（系）产量相关性状的影响

[目的]该研究旨在了解干尖线虫病对不同水稻品种的影响。[方法]通过田间表型观察与室内考种试验，对自然发病状态下的4个常规粳稻品种（系）和粳稻恢复系 R161进行了观察和分析。[结果]不同水稻品种（系）被侵染后的症状存在差异，常规粳稻宁1707、宁1818、镇稻88和南粳9108被侵染后表现"干尖"和"小穗头"症状，粳稻恢复系R161只表现"干尖"，不表现"小穗头"症状，且"干尖"的位置不同，分别位于剑叶叶尖，整片剑叶及倒二叶。供试材料被水稻干尖线虫侵染后均能抽穗，但是株高、穗长、结实率和千粒重均受到不同程度的影响。此外，R161被干尖线虫侵染后，不同发病部位对水稻产量的影响不同，整片剑叶干枯扭曲的稻穗受影响最大。[结论]该研究为进一步阐明我国水稻干尖线虫病的危害规律和制定相应的防治措施提供依据。     

Dynamic Development of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Rice Plant by Artificial Inoculation in the Greenhouse

A study was done on the relationship between Aphelenchoides besseyi and the symptoms of small grains and erect panicles. This is an important rice disease in Jiangsu Province, China. A. besseyi was extracted from small grains and erect panicles and cultured artificially, and then inoculated into bud and leaf sheaths of seedlings of two Oryza sativa cultivars, namely Zhendao 2 and Wuyunjing 7 in a greenhouse. The effect on rice growth, in particular the small grains and erect panicles, was revealed by the extent of the disease, seed expansion stages, nematode load, and nematode mortality. In contrast to healthy seedlings, the height, length, and the numbers of spikelets of unhealthy panicles of Zhendao 2 were decreased by 6.7, 16.4, and 13.5%, respectively. Before anthesis, nematodes were attracted to the leaf sheath and apical meristem, nematode load increased by 40%; after anthesis, nematodes occurred in spikelets principally and the number increased by 90.8%. The percentages of infected seeds and nematode load were highest in plump seeds and lowest in empty seeds. Nematode mortality on grain with normal endosperm was lower than seeds with abnormal endosperm. Results indicated that A. besseyi was the pathogen in rice with the symptoms of small grains and erect panicles. Wuyunjing 7 manifests only the small grains and erect panicles symptoms and not the symptoms of leaf white-tip. These symptoms of small grains and erect panicles are new symptom records for the disease caused by A. besseyi on rice.     

Dynamic Development of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Rice Plant by Artificial Inoculation in the Greenhouse

A study was done on the relationship between Aphelenchoides besseyi and the symptoms of small grains and erect panicles. This is an important rice disease in Jiangsu Province, China. A. besseyi was extracted from small grains and erect panicles and cultured artificially, and then inoculated into bud and leaf sheaths of seedlings of two Oryza sativa cultivars, namely Zhendao 2 and Wuyunjing 7 in a greenhouse. The effect on rice growth, in particular the small grains and erect panicles, was revealed by the extent of the disease, seed expansion stages, nematode load, and nematode mortality. In contrast to healthy seedlings, the height, length, and the numbers of spikelets of unhealthy panicles of Zhendao 2 were decreased by 6.7, 16.4, and 13.5%, respectively. Before anthesis, nematodes were attracted to the leaf sheath and apical meristem, nematode load increased by 40%; after anthesis, nematodes occurred in spikelets principally and the number increased by 90.8%. The percentages of infected seeds and nematode load were highest in plump seeds and lowest in empty seeds. Nematode mortality on grain with normal endosperm was lower than seeds with abnormal endosperm. Results indicated that A. besseyi was the pathogen in rice with the symptoms of small grains and erect panicles. Wuyunjing 7 manifests only the small grains and erect panicles symptoms and not the symptoms of leaf white-tip. These symptoms of small grains and erect panicles are new symptom records for the disease caused by A. besseyi on rice.     

滑刃线虫属（Aphelenchoides Fischer,1894）的2个国内新记录种

描述了滑刃线虫属（Aphelenchoides Fischer,1894)的2个国内新记录种：游泳滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides hechaleos)和内卷滑刃线虫(A.involutus)。游泳滑刃线虫采自辽宁省盖州市熊岳镇莴苣(Lactuca sativa)的根际土壤中，它与近似种拟游泳滑刃线虫(A.paranechaleos)的主要区别是雌虫尾较长，尾的形状是腹面凸（而拟游泳滑刃线虫的尾较短，尾的形状是背面凸，腹面凹），雄虫交合刺背杆的弯曲程度较小。内卷滑刃线虫采自辽宁省凌海市苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)及山东济南大花金鸡菊(Coreopsis grandiflora)的根际土壤中，它与近似种A.jacobi的主要区别是雌虫尾向腹面弯曲程度较大，尾后部呈钩状，尾较长。     

河北草莓上发现春矮线虫病

１９９１￣１９９４年对河北省草莓线虫病进行了普查。多次从保定市东郊草莓田内的丽红、九能早生品种上分离得到同一种滑刃线虫。经研究发现这种线虫与Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉｅ（１９４２年）原始报道的Ａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｏｉｄｅｓ ｆｒａｇａｒｉａｅ在形态上相同或相似。故将其鉴定为草莓芽线虫。本文报道该线虫病害的症状及病原线虫的形态测计特征。     

Description of Aphelenchoides besseyi from Abnormal Rice with ‘Small Grains and Erect Panicles’ Symptom in China

In recent ten years, the symptom 'small grains and erect panicles' in rice was widespread in most rice growing areas of China, which generally caused yield loss ranging from 10% to 30%, even as high as 50% in heavily infected regions . It is a serious problem in the middle of Jiangsu Province and some regions of southern Jiangsu Province. The occurrence of the phenomenon 'small grains and erect panicles' in rice totaled 3.3 ×105 ha during 2001-2003 in Jiangsu Province, resulting in at least…     

Interaction between a fungal plant disease,fungivorous nematodes and compost suppressiveness

Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that the fungivorous nematodes Aphelenchoides spp. and Aphelenchus avenae can suppress damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in cauliflower seedlings, and enhance the disease-suppressive effect of compost. In greenhouse experiments, we used two different composts mixed with peat (20% + 80%) and pure peat as growth substrates in growing pots. In each substrate, treatments were: (A) with R. solani and nematodes, (B) with R. solani, (C) with nematodes, (D) control without R. solani or nematodes. Treatment effects were measured as percentage of healthy seedlings 7, 10 and 14 days after start of the experiment. We conducted two different experiments with the treatments A–D; one with Aphelenchoides spp. and one with Aphelenchus avenae. Aphelenchoides spp.+R. solani (treatment A) had 85% healthy plants (= control without addition of fungi (D)) compared with 45% in R. solani without nematodes (B). Aphelenchus avenae suppressed damping-off significantly in all substrates, from almost 100% dead plants in peat with R. solani to 65% healthy plants in R. solani+A. avenae. One compost mixture had an intrinsic suppressive effect on damping-off, while plant health in the other compost mixture was not better than in 100% peat as growing substrate. There were no additive suppressive effects (enhancement) between nematode effects and the suppressive compost. The results demonstrate the ability of fungivorous nematodes to suppress plant diseases. The effects of fungivorous nematodes in combination with compost and other control measures on disease suppression need further attention. The usefulness of fungivorous nematodes in agriculture and horticulture is discussed.     

Effects of fungivorous nematodes on corky root disease of tomato grown in compost-amended soil

Abstract

The effect of fungivorous nematodes, Aphelenchus avenae and Aphelenchoides spp., against corky root disease of tomato caused by Pyrenochaeta lycopersici was investigated. Three different greenhouse trials were conducted using soil naturally infested with P. lycopersici, alone or mixed with four different types of compost consisting of green manure, garden waste and horse manure (20% compost by volume). The fungivorous nematodes were propagated in cultures of the fungus Pochonia bulbillosa and inoculated (3 or 23 nematodes ml^?1 substrate) into the soil and soil-compost mixtures one day after transplanting of tomato seedlings. Greenhouse experiments were terminated after ten weeks and disease was measured from infected roots after harvesting. Aphelenchus avenae significantly reduced the disease severity when added to infested soil without compost in all experiments. Aphelenchoides spp. did not suppress the disease either in the presence or absence of compost. Among the composts tested, only a garden waste compost was found to be suppressive to the disease. Neither A. avenae nor Aphelenchoides spp. improved the suppressive effect of the compost.     

巴氏新小绥螨对水稻干尖线虫控制能力的评估

本文研究了巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri以水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoides besseyi为食的生长发育特征及其对水稻干尖线虫的捕食功能。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨以水稻干尖线虫为食时,能正常发育并完成生活史,其生长发育各个历期与取食腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae相比无显著差异,但净增殖率（R₀=31.4605）、内禀增长率（r_m=0.2313/d）和周限增长率（λ=1.2603）均分别高于取食腐食酪螨（R₀=26.8800;r_m=0.1973/d;λ=1.2181）,而种群倍增时间（Dt=2.9962 d）低于取食腐食酪螨（Dt=3.5126 d）。因此,巴氏新小绥螨取食水稻干尖线虫比取食腐食酪螨更有利于其各项生命活动。巴氏新小绥螨对水稻干尖线虫的捕食功能用Holling II型圆盘方程拟合得到的公式为N_a=0.5645N₀/（1＋0.002484N₀）,巴氏新小绥螨对水稻干尖线虫的捕食能力a/T_h为128.30,最大理论捕食量为227.27条/d。巴氏新小绥螨捕食水稻干尖线虫的最佳温度为25 ℃,在该温度条件下,饥饿4 d的雌螨对线虫的捕食量最大。研究结果证实了巴氏新小绥螨具有较强捕食水稻干尖线虫的能力,可以作为水稻干尖线虫潜在的天敌捕食螨。     

水稻干尖线虫SPRYSEC基因的克隆及表达定位分析

根据水稻干尖线虫转录组测序结果,采用c DNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE法)从水稻干尖线虫中克隆到效应因子SPRY同源基因,并将其命名为Ab–SPRYSEC(NCBI登录号为KT188820)。该基因全长为2 089 bp,包含1个1 962 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)。预测蛋白编码653个氨基酸,相对分子质量为72 009,理论等电点为4.82,不稳定指数为41.5,属于不稳定性蛋白。保守区预测分析结果表明,该蛋白含有B302_SPRY和CTLH 2个保守结构域,属于SPRY超家族。多序列比对分析结果表明,该基因编码蛋白与马来丝虫的SPRY(XP_001891979.1)蛋白的相似度为43%。蛋白结构分析结果表明,β–折叠与无规则卷曲是Ab–SPRYSEC蛋白的主要结构元件。表达定位分析结果表明,Ab–SPRYSEC基因的表达位置在水稻干尖线虫食道腺附近。Ab–SPRYSEC基因作为水稻干尖线虫效应因子,在水稻干尖线虫侵染宿主中发挥了重要作用。